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Abstract Most chronic inflammatory illnesses include fibrosis as a pathogenic characteristic. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components build up in excess to cause fibrosis or scarring. The fibrotic process finally results in organ malfunction and death if it is severely progressive. Fibrosis affects nearly all tissues of the body. The fibrosis process is associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic homeostasis, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, where the balance between ... Introduction Fibrosis is the replacement of functional tissue architecture with excess fibrous connective tissue, leading to a reduction in organ function and ultimately organ failure and death. Fibrosis can affect all tissues in the body and therefore is a ubiquitous problem that contributes massively to morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. While fibrosis is the common end-point for a wide range of diseases, the underlying aetiologies and mechanisms can be either core or organ specific ... Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which the lungs become scarred over time. [1] Symptoms include shortness of breath, a dry cough, feeling tired, weight loss, and nail clubbing. [1] Complications may include pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, pneumothorax, and lung cancer. [2] Causes include environmental pollution, certain medications, connective tissue diseases, infections, and interstitial lung diseases. [1][3][6] But in most cases the cause is unknown (idiopathic pulmonary ... The term fibrosis describes the development of fibrous connective tissue as a reparative response to injury or damage.
